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Polonnaruwa, the second ancient capital of Sri Lanka, is a mesmerizing blend of history, architecture, and spirituality.
If Anuradhapura was the dawn of Sri Lankan civilization, Polonnaruwa was its golden midday — a period of unmatched cultural brilliance and prosperity.
Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this medieval kingdom remains one of the best-preserved archaeological cities in Asia — an open-air museum where stone, water, and wisdom unite in perfect harmony.
Founded in the 11th century CE, Polonnaruwa rose to glory under King Parakramabahu the Great (1153–1186 CE).
During his reign, the city flourished as a center of politics, religion, and trade — attracting scholars, monks, and travelers from India, China, and Southeast Asia.
Polonnaruwa showcased a unique fusion of Sinhalese engineering, South Indian art, and Buddhist philosophy, reflecting the island’s cosmopolitan spirit and wisdom.
One of the most sacred and awe-inspiring sites in Polonnaruwa is the Gal Vihara, a temple carved in the 12th century CE during the reign of King Parakramabahu the Great.
This rock temple features four colossal Buddha statues — each sculpted from a single granite rock face.
The statues depict the Buddha in meditation, standing, and reclining postures, symbolizing peace, compassion, and enlightenment.
The reclining Buddha, stretching over 14 meters, is one of the most graceful stone sculptures in the world. The smooth lines and serene expressions carved into hard granite reflect the unmatched artistry of ancient Sri Lankan craftsmen.
Even after 900 years, the Gal Vihara radiates an atmosphere of profound tranquility — a place where stone seems to breathe spirituality.
To the west of the city lies the grand Parakrama Samudra, meaning “The Sea of Parakrama.”
Built in the 12th century by King Parakramabahu the Great, this vast man-made reservoir spans more than 6,500 acres.
The king famously declared:
“Let not even a single drop of rainwater flow into the ocean without being used for the benefit of man.”
This monumental reservoir represents the pinnacle of ancient Sri Lankan hydraulic engineering, designed to collect and conserve water for agriculture and daily life.
Even today, it continues to nourish the farmlands of Polonnaruwa — a living example of sustainable innovation and visionary leadership.
In the heart of Polonnaruwa stand the majestic ruins of the Royal Palace of King Parakramabahu the Great, once a symbol of regal grandeur and strength.
Historical records suggest the palace originally had seven stories and over 1,000 rooms, richly decorated with carvings and murals.
Today, the remaining brick walls and pillars still echo the splendor of Sri Lanka’s golden age — a testament to the craftsmanship and power of a visionary king who shaped a nation.
Walking through Polonnaruwa is like walking through time.
The city’s ancient stupas, lotus ponds, and palace ruins lie harmoniously beside tranquil reservoirs and lush greenery.
The Rankoth Vehera, Lankatilaka Temple, and Vatadage are among other marvels that reflect the city’s deep connection with Buddhist devotion and artistic brilliance.
As the sun sets behind the Parakrama Samudra, golden light bathes the stone ruins — and one can almost
